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Tito v Waddell (No 2)
''Tito v Waddell (No 2)'' () Ch 106 is an English trusts law case, concerning what counts as a trust, and creates fiduciary duties, and when specific performance will be ordered. It is important as an historical case that forced the eviction of the people from the island of Banaba. On the points of specific performance, it has been superseded in the cases of ''Ruxley Electronics Ltd v Forsyth''. It stands as an historical example of an indigenous community exploited and expropriated by the mercantile mining interests of the British Empire.
==Facts==
In 1900, phosphate was discovered on Banaba Island (also known as Ocean Island, now part of the Kiribati archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean. The UK government licensed the Pacific Islands Co Ltd, and from 1902 its subsidiary the Pacific Phosphate Co Ltd to mine the land. In the 1920s the British Phosphate Commission took over run by the UK, Australian and New Zealand governments, and continued the mining, together with mining on the islands of Nauru and Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean). From 1907, royalties of 6d. a ton were paid to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands government. There were difficulties in getting indigenous Banabans to agree to sell the land for the mining. It was apparently "agreed" by the indigenous population in a series of leases that the land would be replanted "wherever possible" "as nearly as possible" to their former state, and trees "as shall be prescribed" by the commissioners would be replanted. However, in the mid-1920s the indigenous population refused to sell or lease any more land. A Mining Ordinance 1928 of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony was written to compulsorily purchase it. Any money paid, or any royalties, was said to be held "on trust" by the commissioner for the former landowners. In 1931, 150 acres of land was acquired, and leased to the commissioners with royalties held "on trust" for the Banabans, but none for the former landowners. Then, a Mining (Amendment) Ordinance 1937 removed any mention of trust but still said the commissioner should receive royalties for the benefit of the islanders. Some funds purchased an alternative island, Rabi Island in the Fiji archipelago and the people were relocated. In 1942 the Japanese occupied Ocean Island. They killed most of the remaining Banabans or deported to other islands, and devastated the island. When it was recovered after World War Two, the commissioners acquired the remaining mining lands from the Banabans, who did not know the real value and received no expert advice. In 1948, the islanders agreed to the Commission removing sand and shingle from the beach for an annual payment. They asked for increases in money but this was not granted. Representatives of the Banabans later claimed the Crown owed a fiduciary duty to the islanders when fixing the royalty payments and the difference in proper rates should be paid. Some former landowners further claimed that the Commission was liable for conversion of the sand removed from the island, for specific performance to replant the land, and for a declaration that the government was bound to prescribe the trees be replanted.〔() Ch 106〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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